Electrical Work

January 3, 2019

h4>INTRODUCTION:

In the modern civilization, houses without television, computer, radio or refrigerator are the exceptions. It is nonetheless true that the average consumer has at best; a very sketchy idea of what he is paying for each time his electricity bill falls due.

For a civil engineer, in building construction it is very important to have fundamental knowledge of electrical work involved.

ROLE OF ELECTRICAL CONSULTANT

Electricity plays a vital role in all the services provided to a house but it is also very dangerous if not handled properly. Therefore all the electrical works should be carried out under the guidance of competent electrical consultant.

Following are the duties and responsibilities of an electrical consultant.

To study the building layout, for electrical design prepared by
To prepare the layouts and preliminary estimates of the electrical work in co-ordination with architects and
To obtain a temporary electrical
To visit the site for confirming the available resources of electricity .
To calculate the electrical load required for the project and get it
To prepare the following

Development layouts :-

Location of substation and transformer
Location of feeder pillar
Location of meter room
Underground ducting layouts
Layouts of temporary service lines
Location of G. sets
Layouts of electricity supply and distribution for clubhouse & different

Internal layout :-

Layout of cables for mains, V. & telephone.
Layout of electrical
Layout of slab
Layout of drooping on
Layout of switchboard & light

- To Finalize the specification & detailed
- To make necessary planning for the actual work at the
- To test & confirm the material received at site as per specification & norms
- Supervision & periodic inspection of work as & when

OBTAINING ELECTRICAL CONNECTION (CONSTRUCTION METER)

Depending upon the nature of use of the electricity, the electricity companies levy different tariffs. The temporary connections given for a project during construction are charged at higher tariff rates.

The temporary electricity connection (construction meter) is obtained from the authority. The necessary documents and procedure is described later on.

Before commencing a project, availability of electricity at the site is a basic requirement. Therefore considering the minimum load of construction machineries supply of electricity shall be made available from proper authority

LAISONING WITH ELECTRICITY BOARD:

For every new electrical connection, electricity board has laid down certain norms and procedures. Depending upon the nature of use, various categories have been made by the electricity board. Initially, starting with new construction on vacant plot, following procedure is adopted.

OBTAINING CONSTRUCTION METER (TEMPORARY)

Documents required are :-
- 3 sets of sanctioned building
- Load
- Extract of the Property card of the
- 7/12 extract of the
- Demand letter from the
- A1 form & undertaking on stamp paper by the
Submission of 3 sets of all above drawings and documents to electricity board’s division
Arrange for site visit of A.E and J.E from subdivision
Preparation of lease deed for land, needed for substation with electricity
After getting approval from the division office, subdivision will issue the construction
Finalize the location for fixing the construction meter and get the connection from subdivision office.

LOAD SANCTIONING PROCESS:

Subdivision office gives details of available load and rough estimate of transformer capacity. Division office will make necessary changes as per the rules of electricity board and prevailing site situations.

The division office further informs the zonal office about the demand of the load. Zonal office estimates the total expenditure for the desired load. The developer has to pay 15 % amount of the estimate as the supervision charge to the electricity board. The C.E then issues the sanction letter for the total load. After paying 15% supervision charges to electricity board; Developer will approach construction division of the electricity board with sanction letter & receipt of supervision charges.

Then construction division officers visit the site and order licensed contractor to start the work as per the estimates and specification of load sanctioned letter. Builder/ contractor will procure the transformer, H.T. cables, L.T. cables, main feeder pillars, sub feeder pillars, lugs, hardware etc.

All civil work construction of transformer room trenches inside the room, location of transformer, earthing pits, O.S.F, feeder pillars etc will be completed as per the contract and electricity board’s instruction.

Project engineer should check all electrical equipment and material as per specifications.

After completion of all electrical and civil work, the transformer is ready for charging. Construction division will issue a call letter to electrical inspector (P.W.D.). He will inspect the site for the following compliances

Necessary permission for any structure, higher than 15 meter in
Provision made for warning alarms against fire
Provision for lightning arrestor system wherever
Checking the electrical installations for proper connections and

The electrical inspector issues the permission letter for charging the transformer / generator to construction division of electricity board, after confirming all above norms.

The executive engineer of the construction division issues the instruction to charge the transformer. Then the transformer is charged.

For getting the individual unit connections, the subdivision office prepares the quotations of the cost. After paying this quotation cost, the individual connections are sanctioned. Individual meters shall be fixed with proper earthing.

A) COVERED TRANSFORMER ROOM:

Transformer room is a place provided to accommodate transformer, O.S.F. and main feeder pillar to ensure its security and safety. Size of transformer room: –

For single transformer – 6m x 8m
For two transformer – 6m x 11m

The room should have clear and proper access, and proper ventilation. All trenches are provided with non-flammable covers. It should be well equipped with fire fighting equipment.

Transformer: – Transformer is a device which steps up/ steps down the voltages from the incoming source in a safe manner. There are two types of transformers dry & oil filled type. When transformer is provided in basement, Dry type transformer is mandatory.

Transformers are available in following ratings:

Sr No.	Capacity in KVA	Length in mm	Width in mm	Height in mm	Weight in Kg
1.	500	2050	2250	2350	2300
2.	630	2500	2350	2450	2750
3.	750	2500	2450	2450	3000
4.	1000	2550	2700	2550	3500
5.	1250	3000	2700	2650	4150
6.	1600	3050	2750	2650	4800
7.	2000	3200	3250	3050	5800

O.S.F. (oil switch fuse): – The function of O.S.F. or S.F.U. is to provide a cut off and protection for transformer. They are available in following ranges: –

11 KVA
22 KVA

Main Feeder Pillar With ACB: – M.F.P distributes the electrical load through the terminals. It has one incoming terminal and remaining are outgoing terminals, through H.R.C. fuse. Air circuit breaker cuts-off the supply, in case of failure of the other circuit breaker.

R.M.U. (Ring Main Unit): – R.M.U. works as a change over switch for two high-tension supply lines of which one is taken as a standby.

Meter Room: – Meter room is a place, which accommodates the electrical meters, with the necessary distributions made through bus bar. Meter room should be easily accessible and safe. It should have proper ventilation and lighting. It should be always locked to avoid mishaps. It should be planned for easy movement of atleast one person.

Earthing: – Earthing is a circuit, which provides the connection between leaking electrical current and mass of earth. It is a safety measure to avoid mishaps due to leakage of current. The types of earthing depend on the resistance of the soil and required safety level of the device to be earthed.

Minimum earthing points: –

Sr no.	Description	Minimum earth points
1	Transformer	8 Nos.
2	Meter room	3 Nos.
3	Lift	2 Nos.
4	Generator	4 Nos.

Bus Bar: – The Busbar is a distribution box with copper strips and H.R.C. fuse (High Rupture capacity fuse). From the feeder pillar, main supply is provided to bus bar. Required tapings are provided to electrical meters. Proper earthing is necessary for bus bar. Different capacities of busbar are 100 A, 200A & 400A.

Under ground Cable Network (Ducting): – After finalizing the locations of the substation, L.T. feeder pillar, meter rooms, generators, pump house, street lighting, the underground cabling network plan is to be finalized.

Following points should be considered while finalizing the underground cabling network layout.

Drainage
Water supply
Fire fighting layout
Telephone ducting
Generator cabling
Storm water drains

It is necessary to use well-laid and properly jointed RCC Hume pipe of specified diameter for cable ducting network. The RCC pipes should be laid atleast 1.2m below the finished road level. It is necessary to provide chambers of adequate size, to have proper space for cabling through RCC Hume pipes.

Location of chambers is decided as per : –

The change of
At Junctions or at every 15 meter or as required in this straight

Internal Wiring:-

To safeguard the wires and to avoid any mishap, they are run through P.V.C. conduits, Types of conduit wiring are: –

Open conduit
Concealed conduit

1) Open conduit wiring :-

Open Conduit wiring: – Generally this type of wiring is preferred for carrying the mains (wires from meter room to distribution box). Pipes and fittings of approved make confirming to IS specifications are to be
Casing Caping: – Rectangular V.C, channel shaped conduits, which are lockable to each other are widely known as casing caping. Casing caping is used in open conduit type wiring because it provides
Better appearance
Ease in maintenance
More flexibility for alterations and change in internal electrical

Different Sizes of Pipes to be used as Conduits :-

Mains – 32mm
Sub main – 25mm diameter
Earthing – 20mm diameter
Power point – 20mm/25mm diameter
Light point – 20mm/25mm diameter
V. and Phone – 20mm diameter

Concealed conduit wiring: – This type of wiring is preferred over open type conduiting because,

It is safe
It is durable.
It gives better appearance to the ceilings & walls.

Work Procedure: – Conduiting in Slabs: –

Study the electrical layout for position of points and distribution
Mark the position of distribution box, switchboards and height of points from F.L.
Lay the conduit for mains, sub mains, V points, phone points and fan boxes etc.
Finalize the location of fan box, considering the position and size of loft, elevational projections if
Lay the conduit after the reinforcement work is completed. Conduit should be firmly binded with the reinforcement.
All pipes and accessories should be fixed using
Check the position & thickness of the wall while laying the wall
Joint at junction box and fan box should be sealed properly to prevent the entry of cement slurry in
Seal the hollow part of the fan box with
While casting of slab, electrician should be present on the slab, to check that the pipes are not damaged during casting of
Avoid sharp turnings and overlapping of conduits
Avoid running of a bunch of pipes to prevent weakening of concrete in that
After deshuttering of beams and slabs; clean all the pipes, and pass the I. wire through it to confirm the routing of pipes is not damaged during concrete.

Conduiting In Walls: –

The dropping at slab, beam and distribution boards should be
After completion of brickwork and its curing, the layout of conduits and positions of switch board with reference to FFL should be
Chiseling of grooves should be done by cutter machine
Fix the pipe firmly and ensure that pipes are be inside the surface of
All concealed boxes shall be fixed with their face in line with the plaster level
Chicken mesh shall be fixed on wall conduits and grooves shall be finished in cement mortar with scratch
Curing should be done

Wiring And Fixtures Fitting: –

Wiring work should commence after doors and windows are fixed with proper locking
Study the drawings and specifications of material to be
Complete the wiring as per colour code and size of the wires for various
Extra length of wires for looping should be considered while terminating the wires in
Ensure that, all the switch plates, angle holders, ceiling roses etc are in line and
All the wires connected to switches, fixtures & fittings are to be done
The testing of wiring should be carried by using meger

Protection of Electrical Work: –

Protection against earth leakage: – To interrupt the current due to short circuit MCB/ELCB shall be
Protection against over load: – MCB/designed rating fuses shall be provided to avoid
Protection against short circuit: – MCB/fuses/circuit breakers shall be provided to have protection against short

Standard Height Of Electrical Fittings from the F.F.L.: –

Sr No.	Fittings	Height From FFL
1	Bell push	1.5 m
2	Switch board	1.5 m
3	Light point on wall	2.4 m
4	T.V./Phone/5A point	0.75 m
5	Exhaust fan point	2.1 m
6	Boiler point	2.4 m
7	Main D.B.	2.4 m
8	Fridge point	1.5 m
9	Window A/C point	1.5 m
10	Washing machine point	1.5 m

Minimum Electrical Points required : –

Sr No	Rooms	Approx Area	Light Point	Fan Point	Power Point	Plug on main board	Plug Point	Exhaust Point	T.V. Point	Phone Point
1	Living room	Upto 150 sft	2	1		1	2	1	1	1
2	Dinning	Upto 80 sft	1	1		1
3	Kitchen	Upto 80 sft	2	1	2	1	1	1
4	Master bed	Upto 140 sft	2	1	1	1	1		1	1
5	Common bed	Upto 130 sft	2	1		1	1
6	Balcony/Terrace	Upto 100 sft	1
7	Toilet	Upto 40 sft	1		1		1	1
8	Passage	_	_		1		1 (for washing m/c)

Power Requirement for Some of The Important Household Appliances: –

Sizes of Wires For Various Purposes :-

Supply (From – To)	Type of Supply	Size of wire used	colour of wire
Mains- (Meter room to D.B.)	Phase I	4 mm2 (7/20)	Red
	Phase II	4 mm2 (7/20)	Yellow
	Phase III	4 mm2 (7/20)	Blue
	Neutral	4 mm2 (7/20)	Black
Sub main (D.B. to Switch board)	Earth	1 mm2 (1/18)	Green
	Phase	2.5 mm2 (3/20)	Red
	Neutral	2.5 mm2 (3/20)	Black
Points (Switch Board to Terminal)	Earth	1 mm2 (1/18)	Green
	Phase	1 mm2 (1/18)	Red
	Neutral	1 mm2 (1/18)	Black

LOAD CALCULATIONS: – (Example)

Total Buildings – 3 nos. of P+7 storied All 2BHK flats with 28-flats/ building. Standard Points per flat :-

Sr No	Rooms	Bell Point	Light Point	Fan Point	Power Point	Board Plug	Plug Point	Exhaust Point	T.V. Point	Phone Point
1	Living room	1	2	1		1	2	1	1	1
2	Dining		1	1		1
3	Kitchen		2	1	1	1	2	1
4	Master bed		2	1	1	1	1		1	1
5	Common bed		2	1		1	1
6	Balcony/Terrace		1
7	Toilet		2		2		2	2
8	Passage		1				1
	Total	1	13	5	4	5	9	3	2	2

Common lighting: –

Building landing: – 8 light points

Terrace: – 2 light points

M/C room: – 1 light point

Entrance foyer: – 3 light point

Parking: – 8 light points

Streetlight: – 14 light point

Lift: – 7.5 HP

Bulkhead: – 8 nos.

Lift cabinet: – 1 light point

Calculation of total loads

a)	Load per flat
	1) Light point – 13nos x 40W	= 520W
	2) Fan point – 8nos x 50W	= 400W
	3) Power point: –
b)	A.C. point – 1 x 1500W	= 1500W
c)	Geyser point – 2 x 2000W	= 4000W
d)	Fridge point – 1 x 200W	= 200W
4)	5A point – 14nos x 200W TOTAL LOAD	= 2800W = 9420watts

= 9.42 KW per Flat.

Apply diversity factor of 0.6 = 0.6 x 9.42KW

= 5.652KW per Flat.

Common Lighting Load: –

Staircase, passage and parking: – 22nos x 40watt = 880watt
External lighting: – 14nos x 40watt = 560watt
Lift and machine room: – 10nos x 40watt = 400watt
Lift electrical motor: – 7.5HP = 7.5 x 746 = 5.595KW

TOTAL = 7.435KW

Total Building load = (No. of flats x load/flat + common lighting load)

= (28 x 5.652 + 7.435) KW

= 165.69KW.

Total Load of 3 building = 3 x 165.69KW = 497.07KW

Applying overall diversity factor as 0.70 load will be; Load = 497.07 x 0.7

= 347.94KW Say 348KW.

. : Transformer capacity = 348KW

0.8

= 435 KVA = 435

0.9 (efficiency)

= 483.33 KVA Say 483KVA

. : Transformer capacity = 500 KVA

Norms For Constructing a Building In The Vicinity Of High-Tension Lines: –

No building should be allowed to be erected or re-erected or any additions or alterations made to the existing building unless the following minimum clearance is provided from the overhead electric supply line. For every additional 33 KV voltage line add 0.3 meter clearance extra in the minimum clearance indicated.

Sr.

No.

Description

Minimum clear vertical distance in meters

Minimum clear distance in meters

Low and medium

voltage lines

2.50 m

1.20 m

High voltage lines

1) Up to 11KV.

2) Above 11KV &

up to 33KV.

3.70 m